Zusammenfassung
Ziel: Bei der juvenilen idiopathischen Arthritis (JIA) sind proliferative Veränderungen
der Synovia und Akkumulation von Synovialflüssigkeit als pathologische Veränderungen
ursächlich für Schäden am Knorpelgewebe und dem periartikulären Knochen; diese Veränderungen
stellen sich im konventionellen Röntgen erst spät dar. Die frühe Detektion von Gelenksveränderungen
würden dem Kliniker die zeitige Einleitung adäquater Therapien ermöglichen, die für
das Langzeit-Outcome bei JIA essenziell sind. Der Ultraschall (US) spielt bei dieser
Fragestellung eine große Rolle, es fehlen aber bisher Validierungsstudien an pädiatrischen
Patienten. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war die Validierung von US gestützten Messungen
der Knorpeldicke vorgegebener Gelenken in einer Gruppe gesunder Kinder anhand des
Vergleichs mit der MRT. Material und Methoden: 25 gesunde kaukasische Kinder (17 Jungen, 8 Mädchen), mittleres Alter 11,33 Jahre,
wurden mittels MRT (1,5 T, fettsupprimierte T 1-gewichtete 3-D-Sequenzen) und US (Real-time
Hitachi EUB 6500 CFM, B-mode, 6 – 14 MHz Linearschallkopf) am rechten Knie, Fußgelenk,
Handgelenk, metakarpophalangealen (MCP) und proximalen interphalangealen (PIP) Gelenken
untersucht. Der US wurde entsprechend der EULAR-Kriterien durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Alle Unterschiede zwischen US und MRT bezüglich der Knorpeldicke betrugen weniger
als 0,5 mm. Der Variationskoeffizient war mit 16 % gut mit Ausnahme der Messungen
am Handgelenk (20 %). Schlussfolgerung: Für Knorpeldickemessungen konnten wir eine gute Übereinstimmung und keine systematischen,
von der Gelenkgröße abhängigen Unterschiede im Vergleich von MRT und US zeigen. Der
US erweist sich zur Beurteilung der Knorpeldicke in von der JIA typischerweise betroffenen
Gelenken als zuverlässig, insbesondere wenn alters- und geschlechtsspezifische Referenzwerte
definiert sind.
Abstract
Purpose: In juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), proliferative changes in the synovium and
synovial fluid accumulation are pathological findings responsible for damage to the
cartilaginous tissue and periarticular bone, which are late radiographic findings
in conventional radiography. Early detection of these joint changes would allow the
clinicians to initiate relevant therapies as is essential for the long-term outcome
of JIA. Ultrasonography (US) has shown great potential for this purpose but validation
in a pediatric setting is needed. The objective of this study was to validate US measurements
of cartilage thickness in target joints in healthy children by comparing them with
MRI. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five healthy Caucasian children (17 boys/ 8 girls), mean age 11.33 years,
were examined with MRI (1.5 T, fat-suppressed T 1-weighted 3D sequences) and US (real-time
Hitachi EUB 6500 CFM, B-mode 6 – 14 MHz linear transducer) in the right knee, ankle,
wrist, metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints. US was
obtained according to the EULAR standard scans. Results: All differences in cartilage thickness measurements between MRI and US were less
than 0.5 millimeters. The coefficient of variation (CV) was found to be good (16 %)
except for in the case of the wrist joint (20 %). Conclusion: We found a good level of agreement and no significant systematic joint size-related
differences in cartilage thickness measurements between MRI and US. US appears to
be a feasible method for evaluating cartilage thickness in JIA target joints, especially
when age and sex-related references are defined.
Key words
ultrasound - MR imaging - cartilage - children - validation
References
1
Graham T B, Laor T, Dardzinski B J.
Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the hands and wrists of children with juvenile
rheumatoid arthritis.
J Rheumatol.
2005;
32
1811-1820
2
El-Miedany Y M, Housny I H, Mansour H M et al.
Ultrasound versus MRI in the evaluation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis of the knee.
Joint Bone Spine.
2001;
68
222-230
3
Lamer S, Sebag G H.
MRI and ultrasound in children with juvenile chronic arthritis.
Eur J Radiol.
2000;
33
85-93
4
Bowyer S L, Roettcher P A, Higgins G C et al.
Health status of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at 1 and 5 years after
diagnosis.
J Rheumatol.
2003;
30
394-400
5
Babyn P, Doria A S.
Radiologic investigation of rheumatic diseases.
Rheum Dis Clin North Am.
2007;
33
403-440
6
Ostergaard M, Szkudlarek M.
Ultrasonography: a valid method for assessing rheumatoid arthritis?.
Arthritis Rheum.
2005;
52
681-686
7
Keen H I, Brown A K, Wakefield R J et al.
MRI and musculoskeletal ultrasonography as diagnostic tools in early arthritis.
Rheum Dis Clin North Am.
2005;
31
699-714
8
Rossum M A, Zwinderman A H, Boers van M et al.
Radiologic features in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a first step in the development
of a standardized assessment method.
Arthritis Rheum.
2003;
48
507-515
9
Naredo E, Acebes C, Moller I et al.
Ultrasound validity in the measurement of knee cartilage thickness.
Ann Rheum Dis.
2009;
68
1322-1327
10
Spannow A H, Stenboeg E, Pfeiffer-Jensen M et al.
Ultrasound measurement of joint cartilage thickness in large and small joints in healthy
children: a clinical pilot study assessing observer variability.
Pediatr Rheumatol Online J.
2007;
5
3
11
Gold G E, Beaulieu C F.
Future of MR imaging of articular cartilage.
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol.
2001;
5
313-327
12
Graham T B.
Imaging in juvenile arthritis.
Curr Opin Rheumatol.
2005;
17
574-578
13
Ostergaard M, Ejbjerg B, Szkudlarek M.
Imaging in early rheumatoid arthritis: roles of magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography,
conventional radiography and computed tomography.
Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol.
2005;
19
91-116
14
Zukotynski K, Jarrin J, Babyn P S et al.
Sonography for assessment of haemophilic arthropathy in children: a systematic protocol.
Haemophilia.
2007;
13
293-304
15
Doria A S, Babyn P S, Feldman B.
A critical appraisal of radiographic scoring systems for assessment of juvenile idiopathic
arthritis.
Pediatr Radiol.
2006;
36
759-772
16
Graham T B, Blebea J S, Gylys-Morin V et al.
Magnetic resonance imaging in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
Semin Arthritis Rheum.
1997;
27
161-168
17
Tarhan S, Unlu Z.
Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonographic evaluation of the patients with knee
osteoarthritis: a comparative study.
Clin Rheumatol.
2003;
22
181-188
18
Szkudlarek M, Narvestad E, Klarlund M et al.
Ultrasonography of the metatarsophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison
with magnetic resonance imaging, conventional radiography, and clinical examination.
Arthritis Rheum.
2004;
50
2103-2112
19
Ostergaard M, Dohn U M, Ejbjerg B J et al.
Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in early rheumatoid arthritis: recent
advances.
Curr Rheumatol Rep.
2006;
8
378-385
20
Wiell C, Szkudlarek M, Hasselquist M et al.
Ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, radiography, and clinical assessment
of inflammatory and destructive changes in fingers and toes of patients with psoriatic
arthritis.
Arthritis Res Ther.
2007;
9
R119
21
Millington S A, Grabner M, Wozelka R et al.
Quantification of ankle articular cartilage topography and thickness using a high
resolution stereophotography system.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage.
2007;
15
205-211
22
Eckstein F, Siedek V, Glaser C et al.
Correlation and sex differences between ankle and knee cartilage morphology determined
by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging.
Ann Rheum Dis.
2004;
63
1490-1495
23
Koo S, Gold G E, Andriacchi T P.
Considerations in measuring cartilage thickness using MRI: factors influencing reproducibility
and accuracy.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage.
2005;
13
782-789
24
Toyras J, Laasanen M S, Saarakkala S et al.
Speed of sound in normal and degenerated bovine articular cartilage.
Ultrasound Med Biol.
2003;
29
447-454
25
Schmidt W A, Schmidt H, Schicke B et al.
Standard reference values for musculoskeletal ultrasonography.
Ann Rheum Dis.
2004;
63
988-994
Dr. Anne Helene Spannow
Pediatric, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby
Brendstrupgaardsvej 100
8200 Aarhus
Denmark
Phone: ++ 45/8 94 96 77 0
Fax: ++ 45/8 94 96 51 3
Email: spannow@ki.au.dk